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1diagnostic and therapeutic
medical techniques using radionuclides
2Radioiodine (131I) is widely used
to diagnose thyroid function and also is a highly effective therapy for
hyperthyroidism, Graves' disease, and thyroid cancer.
3an endocrine gland located at the
base of the neck and secreting two hormones that regulate the rates of
metabolism, growth, and development
4The U.S. Government's secret
project, launched December 28, 1942, by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers'
Manhattan Engineer District, to develop the atomic bomb. Headquartered in
Washington, D.C., the Manhattan Project was the Office of Scientific Research
and Development Section on Uranium and was codenamed S-1 (Section One of the
Office of Scientific Research and Development).
5C. Lad Prosser was well-known in
the field of Comparative Physiology. He went on to teach at the University of
Illinois.
6a professor at University of
Chicago and Senior Biologist, Division of Biological and Medical Research,
Argonne National Laboratory
7Groves, of the U.S. Army, assumed
command of the Manhattan Engineer District in 1942 and led it to completion of
the Manhattan Project in 1945.
8Also known as the Met Lab, the
Metallurgical Laboratory was set up at the University of Chicago during World
War II to lead the secret research and development of methods for production and
chemical separation of plutonium for atomic weapons under the Manhattan Project.
9Argonne National Laboratory
outside Chicago, Illinois; operated by the University of Chicago
10an excess assimilation of a
radioisotope, indicating abnormality
11a radioactive, luminous white,
metallic element that occurs in very small quantities in combination with
minerals. Radium emits alpha particles and gamma rays to form radon gas. Radium
has been used in luminous surface materials, such as the numbers on watch faces,
and used in treating cancer. At that time, no radioisotope had been more
thoroughly characterized for its biomedical effects.
12research dealing with the
effects, antidotes, detection, etc. of poisons.
13products such as the elements
strontium and cesium that are formed during the splitting of uranium atoms in a
nuclear reactor
14In the early 1930s, under
president Robert Hutchins and professor Mortimer Adler, the University of
Chicago had developed the "Great Books" program, in which
undergraduate students studied the approximately 100 books judged to be the most
important works of Western civilization. For many years, the program became
popular in reading circles across America.
15Marie Curie (1867–1934), a
physicist and chemist who, with husband Pierre, discovered radium in 1898. Both
would die from the radiation exposure they received in the course of their
pioneering experiments.
16Italian-born physicist under
whose leadership Met Lab researchers produced the first sustained nuclear chain
reaction in Chicago on December 2, 1942
17the Argonne Cancer Research
Hospital, one of three clinical facilities created by the Atomic Energy
Commission (AEC) in 1948. While the AEC owned the 58-bed Chicago hospital, the
University of Chicago medical school administered and staffed the facility.
Patients were admitted on a selective basis: physicians chose persons whose
condition best suited the hospital's research and treatment applications. The
hospital admitted its first patient in January 1953. The AEC terminated its
contract with the hospital in 1974.
18Bill Neal, M.D., a surgeon, was
in residency training together with Paul Harper at the University of Chicago.
Neal also worked at the Manhattan Projects Biology Division at Site B, just
off-campus at the University of Chicago.
19Joseph Garrott Allen, M.D.
(born 1912), a professor of Surgery at the University of Chicago, served as a
research associate in radiation pathology on the Manhattan Project there.
20Wald (born 1906), a biochemist
at Harvard University, received the Nobel Prize in Physiology in 1967.
21the fluid part of blood, as
distinguished from the cellular components
22Lester Dragstedt, M.D.,
chairman of the Department of Surgery, University of Chicago. A physiologist by
training, his main contributions were in gastric physiology. Dragstedt developed
the procedure of vagotomy, cutting the vegus nerve for acid peptic ulcer. The
procedure became obsolete after the introduction of Tagamet™ by SmithKline
Beecham.
23radioactive tags on
biomolecules, used to study a biological, chemical, or physical system
24positively charged particles,
each consisting of two protons and two neutrons, emitted in radioactive decay or
nuclear fission; an alpha particle is the nucleus of a helium atom.
25Bainbridge and Street were two
professors at Harvard who taught courses in physics in the 1930s.
26a device that uses deflection
of ions in an electromagnetic field as a basis for identifying the elements (or
elemental components) present in a substance
27Dr. Dwight Clark, M.D., started
nuclear medicine at the University of Chicago. Clark, a surgeon, was
accidentally infected with hepatitis during an operation and died (during the
1950s).
28During World War II, the
Manhattan Project had built a vast complex of highly classified facilities in
and near Oak Ridge, Tennessee, to process uranium for use in atomic bombs. The
Atomic Energy Commission assumed control of these facilities upon its creation
and, today, they belong to the Department of Energy.
29a malignant tumor composed of
epithelial tissue—the tissue layer covering body surfaces or lining the
internal surfaces of body cavities, tubes, and hollow organs
30established in 1946 by the
Manhattan Engineer District and operated under a Manhattan Project (and later
Atomic Energy Commission) contract. ORINS was responsible for training
physicians and researchers in the safe handling of radioisotopes and in the
development of isotope applications in medicine. In addition, ORINS was
responsible for selecting both students and established scientists for
fellowships and other temporary research assignments. Today, the educational and
training functions of ORINS are carried out by its successor, Oak Ridge
Institute for Science and Education (ORISE).
31overactivity of the thyroid
gland, resulting in basal metabolic rate and other physiological problems
32having undergone the removal of
the pancreas
33clearance from the body and
replacement by new intakes of the same materials
34composed of phosphoric esters,
present in living cells
35incorporated with a radioactive
isotope to make it traceable
36a radioactive isotope of carbon
having a half-life of about 5,730 years: widely used in the dating of organic
materials; also called radiocarbon
37a salt or ester of acetic acid
38a product of the chemical
processes that take place in the body
39separated or divided into
component parts
40small, flat dishes or plates
used to support samples for determination of radioactivity; the samples usually
are evaporated on the planchettes.
41an instrument for detecting
ionizing radiation and measuring dose rate
42William Rainey Harper dreamed
of establishing a world-class research university in the Midwest. John D.
Rockefeller endowed the project with the money needed to build the campus and
make the university operational. The University of Chicago opened its doors in
1892; Harper served as its first president.
43in the uterus; before being
born
44a condition characterized by
stunted growth, deformity, and mental retardation
45a large, elongated gland behind
the stomach. Its secretions are concerned in digestion.
46introduce the radioactive
component after the receiving assembly is in place around the organ to be
treated
47In the early 1950s, an
established cancer treatment was adapted for use at the Argonne Cancer Research
Hospital in patients with carcinoma of the pancreas. This procedure was used to
treat carcinoma of the pancreas in seven patients, ranging in age from 42 to 66
years. The calculated total radiation dose to the tumors ranged from 5,000 to
9,200 rads. This method of treatment provided palliative (relief, not cure)
benefit for four patients and appeared to extend the survival of one patient.
For more details, see UC-32, "Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer Using
Implanted Iodine 131," in Human Radiation Experiments Associated with the
U.S. Department of Energy and Its Predecessors (213 pages), DOE/EH-0491, July
1995.
48P.V. Harper and K.A. Lathrop. "Isotope
Therapy for Intra-Abdominal Tumors." Semiannual Reports to the U.S. Atomic
Energy Commission. Vol. 1, Part 2, 1954. Chicago: Argonne Cancer Research
Hospital, pp. 54–61. The University of Chicago, Office of Legal Counsel,
Semiannual Reports of the Argonne Cancer Research Hospital.
49photographed by means of
autoradiography, a technique whereby photographic film is placed over thinly
sliced tissue to record, in image form, the radiation tracks from the tissue
that pass through the film's emulsion
50release of electrons or
positrons during radioactive decay
51a highly penetrating photon of
high frequency, usually 1019 Hz or more, emitted by an atomic nucleus
52A milliliter is one-thousandth
of a liter; about three-hundredths of a fluid ounce.
53the polyethylene tubing used in
Dr. Harper's experiment
54the act of separating a
substance in solid form from a solution
55a white, crystalline,
water-soluble powder used chiefly in the manufacture of photographic emulsions,
as a laboratory reagent, in biological staining, and to treat thyroid conditions
56a measure of the absorbed dose
to tissue from exposure to radiation
57The Paterson-Parker system is a
series of tables for radium dosimetry; see "A Dosage System for Gamma Ray
Therapy," Part I (R. Paterson) and Part II (H.M. Parker) in British Journal
of Radiology, vol. 7, 592–632, 1934.
58At the Neurological Institute
in New York, Edith Quimby was working with G. Failla to develop ways to
determine dose estimates from total-body and interstitial irradiation.
59dead portion of animal tissue
60any localized areas of diseased
or injured tissue or of abnormal structural change
61the small gland attached to the
base of the brain, constituting the master endocrine gland affecting all
hormonal functions of the body
62a surgical procedure exposing
brain tissue via the skull covering the frontal lobe
63across the sphenoid sinus
64one of the sinus cavities or
chambers
65tissue region containing the
pituitary gland
66nerves controlling eye movement
67the use of a fluoroscope (a
tube or box fitted with a screen coated with a fluorescent substance, used for
viewing deep body structures by means of x-ray or other radiation)
68radiation, especially braking
radiation, gamma rays, or x rays, emitted by decelerating charged particles
69a dosimeter worn routinely to
measure accumulated personal exposure to radiation on photographic film
70Alexander Gottschalk, M.D.
(born 1935), previously a research associate at Donner Laboratory, UC Berkeley;
professor of Radiology and chief of nuclear medicine, University of Chicago
Hospitals and Yale Medical School; conducted research in isotope development
71victims of Down's syndrome, a
genetic disorder associated with the presence of an extra chromosome 21,
characterized by mental retardation, weak muscle tone, and epicanthic folds at
the eyelids
72deficiency in thyroid
secretions, resulting in goiter, myxedema (thickening of the skin, blunting of
the senses and intellect, and labored speech), and, in children, cretinism
(stunted growth, deformity, and mental retardation)
73release of radiation during
radioactive decay
74a noble gas; symbol Xe
75Dowex-50 column—a column
of glass filled with Dowex-50 ion-exchange resin beads for separating chemicals
76a resort city in Austria known
for its thermal spas
77in terms of the structure of
tissue
78the region immediately
surrounding a deposition site
79the AEC, predecessor agency to
the U.S. Department of Energy and Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC);
established January 1, 1947
80Lester Skaggs, Ph.D., professor
of Medical Physics at the University of Chicago 1953–76; emeritus
professor, known for his work on high-energy and neutron therapy of cancer and
associated dosimetry
81In 1966, the National
Institutes of Health made recommendations to the Surgeon General's Office for
the creation of what are now known as Institutional Review Boards (IRBs). IRBs
review and approve medical research involving humans.
82a suspension of a solid in a
liquid, where the solid does not dissolve
83an organ, located at the
cardiac end of the stomach, that helps form mature lymphocytes, helps destroy
worn-out red blood cells, and serves as a reservoir for blood
84a tumor growing from the spread
of disease-producing organisms or of malignant or cancerous cells to other parts
of the body by way of the blood or lymphatic vessels or membranous surfaces; or,
the condition so produced
85a nerve serving the diaphragm
and used for breathing
86placement of sealed radiation
sources into cavities of the body for treatment of cancer, such as uterine
cancer; these sealed sources are later removed when treatment is completed.
87same as "gamma rays"
88an accelerator in which
particles move in spiral paths in a constant magnetic field
89a test reactor facility near
Arco, Idaho, at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory
90the small gland attached to the
base of the brain, constituting the master endocrine gland affecting all
hormonal functions of the body
91through the skin
92lateral nerve pathways from the
spinal chord
93surgical cutting of nerves
94relating to the nervous system
95drugs approved for human use
96atomic species in which the
atoms all have the same atomic number but different mass numbers according to
the number of neutrons in the nucleus
97physicians who diagnose
disease, broken bones, and other physical conditions, using x rays or other
imaging techniques
98physicians who treat medical
conditions, using x rays or other forms of radiation
99pertechnetate—the chemical
form TcO4
100Mallinckrodt is a St. Louis–based
pharmaceutical company that sells or distributes technetium-99m generators to
nuclear medicine clinics.
101Brookhaven National
Laboratory, Upton, NY
102the rate at which chemical
processes take place in the liver
103Leif Sorensen (born 1928), a
professor of medicine at the University of Chicago, is a Danish physician and
specialist in gout, purine metabolism, and aging of the immune system.
104a liver metabolite, without
which children express unusual behavior
105an essential contributor in
metabolism
106an isotope formed by
radioactive decay of another isotope
107a family of cells that
function in the immune system's defense against foreign bodies
108the soft, fatty, vascular
tissue in the cavities of bones; it is a major site of blood cell production.
109Harold L. Atkins, M.D. (born
1926), a physician in nuclear medicine at the State University of New York,
Stony Brook. Atkins collaborated in radiation research with the medical
department at Brookhaven National Laboratory.
110scanners that moved across
the patient, shifted a short distance longitudinally, and then rescanned the
patient, to form a whole-organ or whole-body count image
111the National Institutes of
Health (Bethesda, Maryland)
112relating to the functions and
activities of living organisms and their parts
113Battelle Memorial Institute,
headquartered in Columbus, Ohio, operates the Pacific Northwest Laboratory for
the U.S. Department of Energy in Richland, Washington.
114George J. Andros, M.D. (born
1916), an obstetrician and gynecologist and a professor at Jefferson Medical
College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
115A medical doctor, formerly a
pathologist at Lovelace Clinic in Albuquerque, Kniseley left Lovelace for Oak
Ridge, where he served as associate director of the Medical Division.
116having two phosphonates
117Gopal Subramanian, Ph.D., a
nuclear medicine scientist known for having developed the bone imaging agent.
Subramanian is now at Upstate Medical Center in Syracuse, New York.
118an essential nutritional
component
119a bone-seeking agent for
nuclear medicine imaging
120a quantity expressing the
strength of a field of force in a given area
121determined the amount of
material present in tissue, urine, or feces by any trial measurement
122the U.S. Government's secret
project, launched December 28, 1942 by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers'
Manhattan Engineer District, to develop the atomic bomb.
123any of several cancers of the
bone marrow characterized by an abnormal increase of white blood cells in the
tissues, resulting in anemia, increased susceptibility to infection, and
impaired blood clotting
124a particle with the mass of
the electron but with a positive electric charge; the detectors measured the
accompanying 0.511-Mev gamma rays emitted during positron decay.
125dose quality—the linear
energy transfer and relative specific ionization, energy distribution in tissue,
the exposure rate, etc., that influenced the biological effectiveness of the
radiation
126the process or method of
measuring or calculating the dose of ionizing radiation, or energy absorbed per
unit mass, using data from bioassay and other radiation measurements
127Medical Internal Radiation
Dose Committee of The Society of Nuclear Medicine
128an apparatus that measures
radionuclides in man using shielded detectors and multichannel energy analyzers.
The sensitivity and non-invasive nature of this instrument permitted studies at
levels 10 to 100 times below established limits of exposure. It opened an entire
area of clinical diagnosis and the development of new diagnostic methods.
129orthoiodohioppurate, used for
imaging the kidneys, labeled with iodine-131
130In 1966, the National
Institutes of Health made recommendations to the Surgeon General's Office for
the creation of what are now known as Institutional Review Boards (IRBs). IRBs
review and approve medical research involving humans.
131proton bombardment of a
thallium target, yielding a subsequent emission of three neutrons
132antibody-recognizing receptor
sites on fibrinogen molecules
133a biophysicist at the
University of Rochester
134Irving Spar (born 1926), an
immunologist, was a professor of Radiation Biology and Biophysics, School of
Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester. He conducted early research on
cancer therapy and antibodies labeled with iodine-131.
135the University of Rochester
(Rochester, New York)
136breakdown of blood clot
fibrin
137the concentration of
radioactive material (units=activity/gram)
138drew off in solution
139the fraction of blood serum
that contains most of the antibodies protecting the organism from infectious
diseases
140in the beginning stages
141malignant tumors that arise
from bone-forming cells and chiefly affect the ends of long bones
142antibodies produced by a
laboratory cell clone to achieve greater abundance and uniformity than provided
by a natural collection of polyclonal antibodies. Studies are currently ongoing
to test the anticancer effectiveness of monoclonal antibodies labeled with
iodine-131 at several medical centers in the United States; initial results have
been very positive.
143involving the treatment of
disease by means of toxic chemicals that kill cells or inhibit their ability to
grow and multiply
144from the procurement of a
radioisotope from the reactor to follow-up on patients until they died; a
facetious variation on "from cradle to grave"
145the radioactive isotope in
pure form, without an added amount of stable isotope of the same element
146ethylene diaminetetraacetic
acid, a common chelating agent and food preservative
147Hal Anger at UC Berkeley
developed the gamma camera—a large, flat, circular crystal of
thallium-activated sodium iodide, backed with photomultiplier tubes arranged in
honeycomb geometry, for obtaining an image of gamma-emitting pharmaceutical in
the patient.
148Leroy had been dean of the
University of Chicago medical school. During the days of the Met Lab he
researched the metabolism of radionuclides by man. At Argonne Cancer Research
Hospital during the 1950s and '60s he researched lipid chemistry to understand
the role of cholesterol in atherosclerosis. In 1951 he served as biomedical
director of the AEC's Operation Greenhouse series of atomic-bomb tests. Several
of the publications he coauthored can be found in the University of Chicago
section of Human Radiation Experiments Associated with the U.S. Department of
Energy and Its Predecessors (213 pages), DOE/EH-0491, July 1995.
149within the cavity of the
peritoneum containing the intestines
150to the inner side of the
peritoneum, a membrane lining the abdominal wall
151relative value on a scale of
acidity and alkalinity, in which 7.0 is regarded as neutral
152a membrane lining the
abdominal wall
153R.G. Gould, G.V. LeRoy, G.T.
Okita, J.J. Kabara, P. Keegan, and D.M. Bergenstal. "The Use of C14-Labeled
Acetate to Study Cholesterol Metabolism in Man." The Journal of Laboratory
and Clinical Medicine. Vol. 46, No. 3, September 1955, pp. 372–384.
154nutritional support by
peripheral blood supply
155a condition in which
something is lacking in salts equal to those in natural body fluids
156a malignancy of bone marrow,
marked by abnormal plasma cells; causes fatigue and bone pain and is often fatal
157Putnam, F.W., F. Meyer, and
A. Miyake. "Proteins in Multiple Myeloma V. Synthesis and Excretion of
Bence-Jones Protein." Semiannual Reports to the U.S. Atomic Energy
Commission. Vol. 1, Parts 1–6, 1954 to 1956. Chicago: Argonne Cancer
Research Hospital, pp. 31–37. The University of Chicago, Office of Legal
Counsel, Semiannual Reports of the Argonne Cancer Research Hospital.
158a device that uses deflection
of ions in an electromagnetic field as a basis for identifying the elements (or
elemental components) present in a substance
159G.T. Okita, E.J. Plotz, and
M.E. Davis. "Placental Transfer of Radioactive Digitoxin in Pregnant Women
and its Fetal Distribution." Semiannual Reports to the U.S. Atomic Energy
Commission. Vol. 1, Parts 1–6, 1954 to 1956. Chicago: Argonne Cancer
Research Hospital, pp. 26–30. The University of Chicago, Office of Legal
Counsel, Semiannual Reports of the Argonne Cancer Research Hospital.
160Leon O. Jacobsen, M.D. (born
1911), specialized in internal medicine. He served as Director of Health,
Plutonium Project of the Manhattan Engineer District at the University of
Chicago. Jacobsen specialized in hematology, radiation biology, and the effects
of chemotherapy and isotopes on leukemia and lymphoma.
161The U.S. Energy Research and
Development Administration succeeded the AEC in the early '70s, and in turn was
replaced by the DOE in 1977.
162E.C. Tocus, G.T. Okita, J.P.
Evans, and S. Mullan. "The Localization of Octoiodofluorescein-I131."
Semiannual Reports to the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. Vol. 3, Part 101, 1961
and Parts 11–15, 1959 to 1961. Chicago: Argonne Cancer Research Hospital,
pp. 104–113. The University of Chicago, Office of Legal Counsel, Semiannual
Reports of the Argonne Cancer Research Hospital.
163Monte Blau, Ph.D., professor
of Nuclear Medicine and Biophysics, Harvard Medical School. Dr. Blau was active
in development of radiopharmaceuticals, counting instrumentation, and magnetic
resonance imaging studies.
164Memorial Sloan-Kettering
Cancer Center (New York, New York); formerly known as Memorial Hospital
165elementary particles in the
nucleus of all atoms, carrying a positive charge
166a proton–alpha reaction:
an isotope is bombarded by a proton in a cyclotron to generate a different
radionuclide, i.e., 13N from 16O, with alpha particles as byproducts of the
reaction
167an area of dead or dying
tissues from obstruction of blood vessels supplying the tissue (of the heart
muscle)
168a device for aligning a beam
in a narrow column so that it does not diverge
169University of California at
Los Angeles, Department of Nuclear Medicine
170positron emission tomography—the
process of producing a PET scan, a medical image obtained by examination with a
PET scanner, a device that produces computerized three-dimensional images of
biochemical activity in the brain or other organ through use of radioactive
tracers that emit positrons and twin 0.511-MeV gamma rays
171The significance of this
anecdote is that Harper and Lathrop had previously made an important discovery
in the science and art of brain imaging without realizing it at first.
172The Poisonous Plant
Laboratory is part of the University of Wyoming.
173During the early 1970s,
investigators at six institutions conducted collaborative studies on the
pharmacokinetics of selenium-75 (75Se)–L-selenomethionine as a new
radiopharmaceutical for imaging the pancreas in nuclear medicine diagnostic
exams. A total of 40 subjects, comprising 30 patients with various diseases and
10 normal comparison subjects, participated. Each subject received a single
intravenous injection of about 250 microcuries of 75Se. Retained activity in the
body was measured by whole-body counting of 24 subjects at four institutions
over a period ranging from 3 up to 923 days. Selenium-75 concentrations were
later measured in tissues obtained at autopsy from a total of 23 subjects at
four of the institutions. For a more detailed summary, see UC-42, "Pharmacokinetics
of Selenium-75–L Selenomethionine" in Human Radiation Experiments
Associated with the U.S. Department of Energy and Its Predecessors (213 pages),
DOE/EH-0491, July 1995.
174any of a class of organic
compounds that are the building blocks from which proteins are constructed
175"Summary of Current
Radiation Dose Estimates to Humans from Se75-L Selenomethionine." MIRD/Dose
Estimate Report No. 1. January 1973.
176The biological data obtained
in these studies were combined for analysis to determine the radiation absorbed
dose to the total body and to individual organs from Se75-L-selenomethionine.
The information was needed in assessing the usefulness of
Se75-L-selenomethionine as a tumor imaging agent. See K.A. Lathrop, R.E.
Johnston, M. Blau, and E.O. Rothschild. "Radiation Dose to Humans from
Se75-L Selenomethionine." Journal of Nuclear Medicine. Suppl. No. 6, 1972,
pp. 10–17.
177determination of the quantity
of something, especially with precision
178high-resolution imaging by
rotating a fine x-ray beam around a patient and using computer analysis to
reconstruct the image
179magnetic resonance imaging (a
process of producing images of the body regardless of the presence of bone by
means of a strong magnetic field and low-energy radio waves)
180the practice of reflecting
ultrasonic waves off interior body structures to produce a visual image, or
sonogram, for diagnostics
181material that serves as a
surrogate for a human being during calibration of radiological counters
182The implants were used for
brachytherapy, use of devices into which isotopes are inserted for cancer
therapy.
183At Los Alamos Scientific
Laboratory in early 1944, Emilio Segrè had developed Little Boy, a
lighter, smaller version of a uranium bomb that used a plutonium gun design.
Little Boy was dropped, untested, at Hiroshima on August 6, 1945.
184The reaction was used for
making high–specific-activity material in a nuclear reactor: With organic
arsenic in neutron flux, the activated isotopes are excited and move from
organic binding to an inorganic phase for separation as high–specific
activity isotope.
185deoxyribonucleic acid—a
type of nucleic acid, particularly found in cell nuclei, that is the basis for
heredity in many organisms. DNA molecules are constructed of a double helix held
together by hydrogen bonds.
1865-bromodeoxyuride, an analog
of the DNA base thymide. BUdR is a halogenated pyrimidine; it is used as a
radiation sensitizer, to make cancer cells more sensitive to radiation.
187linear energy transfer: as
measured along a charged particle track, the relative specific ionization per
unit track length in units of KeV/micrometer
188endometrial—of the
endometrium, the inner lining of the uterus
189Robert Atcher, Ph.D., a
radiochemist (born 1951) currently working at the University of South Alabama at
Birmingham; formerly at the University of Chicago, Argonne National Laboratory,
and National Cancer Institute (Bethesda, Maryland). Atcher conducted research on
the production of short-lived isotopes for medical applications, the development
of radiopharmaceuticals using radioactive metals, and the radiobiology of
therapeutic radionuclides.
190Jacob Rotmensch, M.D., a
professor at the University of Chicago and clinician with an interest in ovarian
carcinoma
191Roger Maeklis, M.D., a cancer
specialist, is currently director of Radiation Oncology at the Cleveland Clinic
Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio.
192Note: It was actually
bismuth-212, not astatine-211.
193a heavy, rare element of the
halogen family
194million electron-volts
195counting the rate of
radiation emissions from radionuclides inside the thyroid, using radiation
detection instruments
196to remove or destroy by
radiation
197a small, rounded mass or lump
198one who classifies and
describes phenomena
199Eddington (1882–1944),
an English physicist, astronomer, and mathematician, studied the motion,
structure, and evolution of stars. He was one of the first to discuss the theory
of relativity.
200Chandrasekhar (1910–93)
was an Indian-born, U.S.-naturalized astrophysicist who, with William Fowler,
won the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physics for formulating the currently accepted
theories on development of dwarf stars. He was on the faculty at the University
of Chicago starting in 1938 and was known to Lathrop and Harper.
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