|
(1)the soft, fatty vascular tissue in the cavities of
bones; it is a major site of blood-cell production.
(2)Victor P. Bond, M.D. (1919–), was a radiation
biophysicist with the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory (1948–55) and
Brookhaven National Laboratory (starting 1955). He conducted research on the
biological effects of radiation. At Brookhaven, he conducted pioneering research
in bone marrow transplants and served as an Associate Laboratory Director.
(3)Eugene P. Cronkite, M.D. (born 1914), a physician
and hematologist at the Naval Medical Research Institute (1946–54) and
Brookhaven National Laboratory (1954–79). He conducted research on control
of hemopoiesis in health and disease conditions.
(4)an organ, located at the cardiac end of the stomach,
that helps form mature lymphocytes, helps destroy worn-out red blood cells, and
serves as a reservoir for blood
(5)During World War II, the Manhattan Project had built
a vast complex of highly classified facilities in and near Oak Ridge, Tennessee,
to process uranium for use in atomic bombs. The Atomic Energy Commission took
control of these facilities upon its creation and, today, they belong to the
Department of Energy.
(6)physicians specializing in hematology, the
branch of medicine that studies the nature, function, and diseases of the blood
and of blood-forming organs
(7)diagnostic and therapeutic medical techniques
using radionuclides or radioisotopes
(8)the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, predecessor agency
to the U.S. Department of Energy and Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC);
established January 1, 1947
(9)an accelerator in which electrons are accelerated to
high energies by an electric field
(10)a device that recorded ink dots corresponding to
radiation counts to form an image when a detector scanned across a patient
(11)scanners that moved across the patient, shifted
a short distance longitudinally, and then rescanned the patient, to form a
whole-organ or whole-body count image
(12)a large facility constructed at Oak Ridge during the
Manhattan Project to separate out uranium-238 from natural uranium hexafluoride
and thereby enrich the uranium in uranium-235
(13)Dr. Clarence C. Lushbaugh, M.D., Ph.D.—Staff
member of the Biomedical Research Group at Los Alamos National Laboratory from
1949 to 1963. Chief Scientist of the Medical and Health Sciences Division at Oak
Ridge National Laboratory, 1963 to 1975, and Chairman of the Medical and Health
Sciences Division at Oak Ridge, 1975 to 1984. For the transcript of the
interview with Lushbaugh, see DOE/EH-0453, Human Radiation Studies:
Remembering the Early Years; Oral History of Pathologist Clarence Lushbaugh,
M.D. (April 1995).
(14)an event in which a fissionable material unexpectedly
undergoes a chain reaction
(15)an unexpected rapid increase in fission rate,
resulting in a nuclear chain reaction
(16)a measure of the absorbed dose to tissue from exposure
to radiation
(17)established in 1946 by the Manhattan Engineer
District and operated under a Manhattan Project (and later Atomic Energy
Commission) contract. ORINS was responsible for training physicians and
researchers in the safe handling of radioisotopes and in the development of
isotope applications in medicine. In addition, ORINS was responsible for
selecting both students and established scientists for fellowships and other
temporary research assignments. Today, the educational and training functions of
ORINS are carried out by its successor, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and
Education (ORISE).
(18)The ORINS Medical Division Facility was one of three
AEC-supported hospitals. It had approximately 30 beds for people with cancer.
(19)any of several cancers of the bone marrow
characterized by an abnormal increase of white blood cells in the tissues,
resulting in anemia, increased susceptibility to infection, and impaired blood
clotting
(20)severe anemias due to destruction or depressed
functioning of the bone marrow, usually resulting from bone cancer, radiation,
or the toxic effects of drugs or chemicals
(21)a large, flat circular crystal of thallium-activated
sodium iodide, backed with photomultiplier tubes arranged in honeycomb geometry,
for obtaining an image of gamma emitting pharmaceutical in the patient;
developed originally by Hal Anger at the University of California at Berkeley
(22)formerly a pathologist at Lovelace Clinic
(Lovelace Inhalation Toxicology Research Institute) in Albuquerque
(23)For the transcript of the December 28, 1994 interview
with Vodopick, see DOE/EH-0482, Human Radiation Studies: Remembering the
Early Years; Oral History of Oncologist Helen Vodopick, M.D. (August
1995).
(24)radioactive drugs approved for human use
(25)formerly dean of the University of Chicago
medical school. During the days of the Met Lab he researched the metabolism of
radionuclides by man. At Argonne Cancer Research Hospital during the 1950s and
'60s he researched lipid chemistry to understand the role of cholesterol in
atherosclerosis. In 1951 he served as biomedical director of the AEC's Operation
Greenhouse series of atomic-bomb tests. Several of the publications he
coauthored can be found in the University of Chicago section of DOE/EH-0491,
Human Radiation Experiments Associated with the U.S. Department of Energy
and Its Predecessors (213 pages), July 1995.
(26)clearance from the body and replacement by new
intakes of the same materials
(27)studies of the rates of metabolism of elements or
compounds and their metabolic pathways
(28)phase one—a dose escalation study to determine
maximum tolerable amount
(29)phase two—an efficacy study at the level of
maximum tolerance
(30)a radioactive tag on biomolecules, used to study a
biological, chemical, or physical system
(31)George Charles von Hevesy (1885–1966),
Hungarian-born chemist who won the 1943 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his
discovery of hafnium and his work on the use of isotopes as tracer elements
(32)In 1966, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) made
recommendations to the Surgeon General's Office for the creation of what are now
known as Institutional Review Boards (IRBs). IRBs review and approve medical
research involving humans.
(33)U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Science and
Technology. Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight. Hearings on Human
Total Body Irradiation (TBI) Program at Oak Ridge. 97th Cong. 1st sess.,
September 23, 1981. No. 63.
(34)the process or method of measuring or calculating the
dose of ionizing radiation, or energy absorbed per unit mass, using data from
bioassay and other radiation measurements
(35)Medium-Exposure-Rate Total Body
Irradiator
(36)human leukocyte antigen: any of a complex of
genetically determined antigens, occurring on the surface of almost every human
cell, by which one person's cells can be distinguished from another's and
histocompatibility established
(37)the condition of being similar antigenic types such
that cells or tissues transplanted from a donor to a recipient are not rejected
(38)a type of white blood cell important in the production
of antibodies
(39)See "Bone Marrow Treatment of Leukemia" in
the Vodopick transcript (DOE/EH-0482).
(40)pertaining to immunology, the branch of
science dealing with the components of the immune system, immunity from disease,
the immune response, and immunologic techniques of analysis
(41)use of tumor-specific antibodies as carrier for a
toxic agent for cancer therapy
(42)the first patient to be treated at ORINS with
immunotherapy. See "Introduction of Immunotherapy" in Vodopick.
(43)radiation treatment in which the radiation
source is located outside the body and rotated around a central axis (the tumor
being treated)
(44)Low-Exposure-Rate Total Body
Irradiator. Clarence Lushbaugh directed the LETBI facility.
(45)a unit of radiation dosage equal to the amount of
ionizing radiation required to produce one electrostatic unit of charge of
either sign per cubic centimeter of air; named for Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen, 1845–1923,
German physicist, who discovered x rays in 1895 and received the Nobel Prize in
Physics. The Roentgen was a measure of the ionization of air by radiation, not
a unit of absorbed dose to tissue.
(46)an animal research laboratory operated by the
University of Tennessee's School of Agriculture. Situated five miles from ORINS
(ORAU), CARL housed a total body irradiation (TBI) machine that was used to
deliver massive doses of radiation, within minutes, to plants, seeds, and
animals as large as cows placed in a large room. Oak Ridge Associated
Universities used this facility to irradiate human patients when it began
administering bone marrow transplants. CARL was in operation by 1970.
(47)the branch of medical science dealing with tumors,
including the origin, development, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer
(48)a tumor arising from any of the cellular elements of
lymph nodes
(49)an accumulation of immunologically incompetent
lymphocytes in the circulatory system, leads to enlarged spleen, fatigue,
increased susceptibility to infections, and conversion to high-grade lymphoma
(50)a disease characterized by overproduction of red blood
cells
(51)comprises 90 percent of childhood leukemia, but
is uncommon in adults, manifested by elevated white blood cell counts and blasts
in circulation; causes fatigue, bone pain, bleeding, and easy bruising
(52)The U.S. Energy Research and Development
Administration succeeded the AEC in the early '70s, and in turn was replaced by
the DOE in 1977.
(53)graft-versus-host disease—rejection
response to bone marrow transplantation; also may involve skin rash, liver and
intestinal tract complications
(54)The hospital admitted its first patient in January
1953. The AEC terminated its contract with the hospital in 1974.
(55)Dr. E. Donnall Thomas was awarded the Nobel Prize in
medicine for his pioneering work in bone marrow transplantation in 1990.
(56)high-resolution imaging by rotating a
fine x-ray beam around a patient and using computer analysis to reconstruct the
image
(57)a particle with the mass of the electron but with a
positive electric charge
(58)University of California at Los Angeles
(59)any of a class of organic compounds that are the
building blocks from which proteins are constructed
(60)National Institutes of Health (Bethesda,
Maryland)
(61)positron emission tomography—the process of
producing a PET scan, a medical image obtained by examination with a PET
scanner, a device that produces computerized three-dimensional images of
biochemical activity in the brain or other organ through use of radioactive
tracers that emit positrons and twin 0.511 MeV gamma rays
(62)an accelerator in which particles move in spiral paths
in a constant magnetic field
(63)single-photon-emission computed
tomography, a device that looks at 2-D (and 3-D) distributions of photon
emitters in the body
(64)For a history of ORNL, see ORAU From the
Beginning, written by William G. Pollard with Gould A. Andrews, Marshall
Brucer, et al., and published by Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge,
Tennessee, 1980.
(65)related to cytology, the study of the microscopic
appearance of cells, especially for the diagnosis of abnormalities and
malignancies
(66)the presence in an individual organism of cell
populations derived from a different zygote, as in twins
(67)a squirrel-sized South and Central American monkey
having soft fur and a long, nonprehensile tail
(68)relating to the formation of blood
(69)Radiation Emergency Assistance Center/Training
Site of the Medical and Health Sciences Division, Oak Ridge; maintains a
registry for radiation accidents and a center for training people to learn how
to respond quickly and treat people who may have been exposed to high levels of
radiation
(70)NASA sought to determine whether astronauts would be
protected from the radiation flux in the Van Allen belts and from radiation in
space in the event of a highly energetic stellar event (such as a supernova).
Such exposures, NASA calculated, would amount to about 1.5 Roentgens (R) per
hour. Some LETBI patients would receive similar rates of exposure for days at a
time, as astronauts might. Accordingly, NASA paid ORINS to report on the effects
of such exposure on patients in order to develop techniques that could be used
to diagnose whether an astronaut was developing radiation sickness. The funding
led to charges that NASA was dictating the exposure rates that the LETBI staff
administered to patients. See "NASA Support for LETBI Research" in the
Vodopick transcript (DOE/EH-0482, August 1995), and "NASA-Sponsored Studies"
and "Questioning the Propriety of NASA-Funded Studies" in the
Lushbaugh transcript (DOE/EH-0453, April 1995).
(71)compounds consisting of fat, waxes, or similar
substances, that are one of the chief structural components of the living cell
(72)a practitioner of cytogenetics, the branch of biology
linking the study of genetic inheritance with the study of cell structure; Dr.
Littlefield specializes in correlating radiation exposure with cytogenetic
changes in the chromosomes of peripheral blood lymphocytes.
(73)Investigational New Drug application to
the Food and Drug Administration. An IND approval is required before a new drug
or radiopharmaceutical can be administered to human patients.
(74)ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid, a chelating
agent for 99mTc used in renal function studies in the nuclear medicine clinic
(75)relating to the kidneys or the surrounding
regions
(76)a chemical converted in the brain to dopamine: used in
synthetic form to treat Parkinson's disease
(77)a neurologic disease believed to be caused by
deterioration of the brain cells that produce dopamine, occurring primarily
after the age of 60, and characterized by tremors (especially of the fingers and
hands), muscle rigidity, and a shuffling gait
(78)Brain tumor patients were injected with a discrete
amount of boron that was intended to deposit in the tumor. The tumor was then
bombarded with a beam of neutrons that was directed to the boron in the hope of
destroying the tumor.
(79)From 1951 to 1961, Brookhaven conducted boron
neutron capture therapy (BNCT) on 45 patients. All were suffering from
aggressive and otherwise untreatable types of brain tumors; all had received
conventional radiation treatments. The therapy was unsuccessful. Patients
so-treated generally lived only as long as patients with the same types of brain
tumor who were treated with conventional radiation therapies. However, advances
in technology that deliver higher concentrations of boron to tumor tissues for
potentially improved therapy have brought about the return of boron neutron
capture therapy. As a result, Brookhaven is currently involved in BNCT research
and clinical trials.
(80)a salt or ester of acetic acid
(81)Totter headed the AEC's Division of Biology and
Medicine from 1967 to 1972. For the transcript of the January 23, 1995 interview
with Totter, see DOE/EH-0481, Human Radiation Studies: Remembering the Early
Years; Oral History of Biochemist John Randolph Totter, Ph.D. (September
1995).
(82)From 1972 to 1974, Totter served as Associate
Director of Biomedical and Environmental Science at ORNL.
(83)an elementary particle in the nucleus of all atoms,
carrying a positive charge
(84)Edward B. Silberstein, M.D., a nuclear medicine
physician with research interests in isotope applications for cancer therapy and
paliation of bone pain from cancer metastases
(85)antibodies produced by a laboratory cell clone
to achieve greater abundance and uniformity than provided by a natural
collection of polyclonal antibodies. Studies are currently ongoing to test the
anticancer effectiveness of monoclonal antibodies labeled with iodine-131 at
several medical centers in the United States; initial results have been very
positive.
|
