ACHRE Report
Final Report
Executive Summary
Preface
Introduction
Part I
Part II
Part III
Discussion: Part III
Part IV
|
Acronyms and Abbreviations
- ACBM
- Advisory Committee for Biology and Medicine (a civilian advisory panel
established in late 1947 to advise AEC's DBM on various aspects of biomedical
research; dissolved in 1974)
- ACR
- American College of Radiology (professional society)
- AEB
- Army Epidemiological Board (established in 1942; through a series of
various commissions, whose members were civilian health professionals,
sponsored studies of infectious diseases of interest to military; succeeded by
Armed Forces Epidemiological Board in 1949)
- AEC
- Atomic Energy Commission (established by the Atomic Energy Act of 1946
and inherited most functions of the MED; succeeded in 1974 by ERDA and NRC)
- AFEB
- Armed Forces Epidemiological Board (1949 successor to AEB)
- AFMPC
- Armed Forces Medical Policy Council (established by the secretary of
defense in January 1951; formerly the Office of Medical Services [OMS]; members
included a civilian physician as chairman, other civilians from medicine or
related fields, and the surgeons general of the three services; developed basic
medical and health policies for DOD and reviewed the medical and health aspects
of the policies, plans, and programs of other DOD agencies; succeeded by the
ASD [H&M] in late 1953)
- AFPC
- Armed Forces Policy Council (established under National Security Act of
1947, this panel advised the secretary of defense on broad policy matters and
specific issues as requested; its initial members included the secretary and
deputy secretary of defense; the secretaries of the Air Force, Army, and Navy;
the chairman of the JCS; chiefs of staff of the Air Force and the Army; and
chief of naval operations)
- AFSWP
- Armed Forces Special Weapons Project (established by the secretaries of
war and the Navy in January of 1947; inherited certain functions of the MED in
the areas of nuclear weapons development, testing, storage, and training of
personnel; succeeded by DASA in 1958)
- AMA
- American Medical Association (professional society)
- ANL
- Argonne National Laboratory (established in 1946 and operated by the
University of Chicago; inherited many of the facilities and functions of Met
Lab; one of the three original national laboratories, the others are BNL and
ORNL, established in 1946 and 1947, respectively)
- AR
- Army regulation (policy directive)
- ASD (H&M)
- assistant secretary of defense (health and medicine) (succeeded
the AFMPC in 1953; provided advice and assistance on health and medical aspects
of DOD policies, plans, and programs and collaborated with ASD [R&D] in the
development of policies and the review of requirements for biomedical research
by DOD)
- ASD (R&D)
- assistant secretary of defense (research and development)
(replaced the RDB in 1953; provided advice and assistance to the secretary of
defense on R&D policies, plans, and programs, developed an integrated DOD
R&D program, assigned specific responsibilities for R&D programs where
unnecessary duplication would be eliminated by such action, examined the
interaction of R&D and strategy and advised the JCS, and reviewed proposed
R&D budgets and made recommendations thereon; succeeded by ASD [R&E] in
1957)
- ASD (R&E)
- assistant secretary of defense (research and engineering)
(combined the offices of ASD [R&D] and the assistant secretary of defense
[engineering]; succeeded by the director of defense research and engineering
[DDR&E] in 1958)
- BNL
- Brookhaven National Laboratory (established by the MED in 1946 and
operated by the Associated Universities; created to facilitate cooperation
between universities and the federal government in performing research in
physics and nuclear science)
- BuMed
- Bureau of Medicine and Surgery (operates Navy's hospitals and medical
research centers, as well as sponsoring most of its outside biomedical
research)
- CDC
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- CEQ
- Council on Environmental Quality (three-member panel within EOP,
established by National Environmental Policy Act; has environmental oversight
responsibilities)
- C.F.R.
- Code of Federal Regulations (compilation of federal regulations
available from the Government Printing Office and in many public and private
libraries)
- CHR
- Center for Human Radiobiology (created within Argonne National Laboratory
in the late 1960s)
- CMR
- Committee on Medical Research (established in 1942 under OSRD to sponsor
nonradiation-related biomedical research of interest to the military;
disestablished in late 1946)
- CMS
- Committee on Medical Sciences (RDB committee in existence from 1948 to
late 1953 that reviewed, evaluated, and made recommendations on all biomedical
research conducted by or for DOD entities; members included both civilian and
military health professionals; from late 1953 to 1957, an advisory group to ASD
[R&D] and ASD [R&E], functions transferred to the Committee on Science
in 1957)
- DASA
- Defense Atomic Support Agency (1958 AFSWP successor)
- DBM
- Division of Biology and Medicine (established in early 1948 to direct and
coordinate all AEC biomedical research activities; became the Biological and
Environmental Research Division with the creation of ERDA in 1974)
- DDR&E
- director of defense research and engineering (succeeded ASD [R&E]
in 1958, reviewing, evaluating, and directing all R&D conducted by or for
DOD)
- DHEW
- Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (DHHS predecessor,
established in 1953)
- DHHS
- Department of Health and Human Services (1980 DHEW successor; the
principal federal agency charged with advancing the health of Americans and
providing essential human services)
- DNA
- Defense Nuclear Agency (1971 successor to DASA)
- DOD
- Department of Defense (new name established in 1949 for the National
Military Establishment, which had been created under the National Security Act
of 1947 to replace the War and Navy Departments)
- DOE
- Department of Energy (1977 successor to ERDA)
- EOP
- Executive Office of the President
- EPA
- Environmental Protection Agency (federal agency charged with monitoring
the quality of the environment)
- ERDA
- Energy Research and Development Administration (succeeded AEC in 1974,
with responsibilities for civilian nuclear power and isotope licensing and
distribution transferred to the newly created Nuclear Regulatory Commission;
succeeded by DOE in 1977)
- FDA
- Food and Drug Administration (established as part of the Department of
Agriculture in 1862; became a regulatory agency in 1906; transferred to Federal
Security Agency in 1940, which became HEW in 1953; became part of PHS in 1968;
enforces laws to ensure the safety and efficacy of foods, food additives,
drugs, biologics, cosmetics, and medical devices)
- HEDR
- Hanford Environmental Dose Reconstruction (established by DOE, later
transferred to Centers for Disease Control, this project assesses human
exposures to ionizing radiation due to radioactive emissions from the Hanford,
Washington, plutonium-production plant)
- HEW
- See DHEW
- HHS
- See DHHS
- HURB
- Human Use Review Board (within Army surgeon general's office, reviews
proposed research involving greater than minimal risk)
- ICRP
- International Commission on Radiological Protection (international body
of scientific experts, created in 1928, which functions on an international
basis as the NCRP does within the United States)
- IG
- inspector general (office in federal departments and agencies that
conducts and supervises audits, investigations, and inspections of department
and agency operations)
- INEL
- Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (originally named the National
Reactor Testing Station, INEL was established in 1949 as a remote site to work
with experimental civilian and military reactors)
- IRB
- institutional review board (See Glossary)
- JCAE
- Joint Committee on Atomic Energy (congressional committee established
under the Atomic Energy Act of 1946 to oversee AEC; disestablished in 1974).
- JCS
- Joint Chiefs of Staff
- LANL
- Los Alamos National Laboratory (established as Los Alamos Scientific
Laboratory by the MED in 1943; operated by the University of California since
it was established; originally created to design and build a fission bomb;
designated a national laboratory in 1977)
- LBL
- Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (1971 successor to UCRL)
- LLNL
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (successor to the Livermore
weapons lab which had been established in 1952 as the second weapons lab and
had been operated by UCRL)
- MED
- Manhattan Engineer District, also popularly known as the Manhattan
Project (established in 1942 within the U.S. Army to build the atomic bomb;
functions transferred to AEC and AFSWP in 1947)
- MetLab
- Metallurgical Laboratory (University of Chicago-based MED laboratory
established in 1942; most functions transferred to ANL in 1946)
- MKULTRA
- A domestic CIA program in the 1950s and 1960s involving human
experimentation to investigate control of human behavior through the use of
chemical, biological, and other means (including psychoactive drugs,
psychology, and possibly radiation)
- MLC
- Military Liaison Committee (established under the Atomic Energy Act of
1946; chaired by a civilian, its other members included two senior officers
from each of the three services; advised the secretary of defense and Joint
Chiefs of Staff on priorities for DOD atomic energy R&D, which component
should conduct it, and liaisoned with the AEC on DOD activities)
- MPA
- multiple-project assurance (research institution's assurance, covering a
number of different research projects, to OPRR or the funding agency that the
institution will comply with federal human subjects protection policy)
- MPBB
- maximum permissible body burden (amount of radioactivity that, if
deposited in the body, is estimated to deliver the highest allowable dose rate
to the most critical organ over a defined period of time)
- NASA
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (established in 1958;
agency responsible for the development of space aviation, technology, and
exploration)
- NCI
- National Cancer Institute (established in 1937, part of NIH)
- NCRH
- National Center for Radiological Health (1967 successor to PHS's
radiological health and safety program; conducted biological and
epidemiological research on radiation effects)
- NCRP
- National Committee on Radiological Protection and Measurements (1946
successor to Advisory Committee on X-ray and Radium Protection, known after
1964 as National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements; an
independent body of scientific experts, it recommends limits for occupational
exposure that are widely followed and periodically issues reports on special
topics)
- NEPA
- (1) Nuclear Energy for the Propulsion of Airplanes (1946-1961 Air Force
program for developing nuclear-powered bomber)
(2) National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (Federal statute requiring that
the U.S. government consider and publicize the environmental impact of its
actions)
- NIH
- National Institutes of Health (part of PHS; begun as a one-room
Laboratory of Hygiene in 1887, now the world's largest biomedical research
facility; based in Bethesda, Maryland; conducts and sponsors research dedicated
to health promotion and the discovery of causes, prevention, and cure of
diseases)
- NIOSH
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (part of CDC)
- NRC
- Nuclear Regulatory Commission (established in 1974 as a successor to AEC
to run civilian nuclear power program and radioisotope licensing and
distribution program)
- NTPR
- Nuclear Test Personnel Review (DNA program established in 1978 to, among
other things, compile unclassified histories of atmospheric nuclear weapons
tests, determine which DOD civilian and military personnel were present at
these tests, and establish their exposure levels at the tests)
- NYOO
- New York Operations Office (AEC regional office)
- OPRR
- Office for Protection from Research Risks (established within NIH in 1966
to educate investigators and others about research ethics and to implement
regulations for the protection of human and animal subjects)
- ORAU
- Oak Ridge Associated Universities (1966 successor to ORINS)
- ORINS
- Oak Ridge Institute of Nuclear Studies (established in 1946, and
operated initially by a consortium of fourteen Southeastern universities under
AEC contract beginning in 1947; a research and training site for users of
radioisotopes in medicine and site of biomedical research)
- ORISE
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (1991 successor to ORAU)
- ORO
- Oak Ridge Operations Office (AEC/ERDA/DOE regional office)
- ORNL
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory (established in 1947, succeeding Clinton
Labs; has conducted a wide range of research for AEC, ERDA, and DOE)
- OSG
- Army Office of the Surgeon General (operates Army's hospitals and medical
research centers, as well as sponsoring most of its outside biomedical
research)
- OSRD
- Office of Scientific Research and Development (through numerous
committees, coordinated and directed all nonatomic energy R&D of the War
and Navy Departments from 1942 to 1946; succeeded by the Joint Research and
Development Board)
- PBI
- partial-body irradiation
- PHS
- Public Health Service (the federal government's principal health agency,
restructured three times since World War II, now one of five operating
divisions of DHHS; functions to improve public health through the promotion of
physical and mental health and the prevention of disease, injury, and
disability)
- R&D
- research and development
- RDB
- Research and Development Board (reviewed, evaluated, and directed all
research and development conducted by or for DOD; functions transferred to ASD
[R&D] and ASD [R&E] in late 1953)
- RDRC
- radioactive drug research committee (reviews proposed use of radioactive
drugs within an institution)
- RSC
- radiation safety committee (monitors radiation safety within an
institution)
- RW
- radiological warfare
- SAM
- School of Aviation Medicine (Air Force component; conducted radiobiology
research beginning in the late 1940s; coordinated efforts with other government
agencies)
- TBI
- total-body irradiation
- UCRL
- University of California Radiation Laboratory (lab established in 1936 by
Ernest Lawrence on the Berkeley campus; conducted a wide range of research for
the MED and AEC; operated the Livermore weapons lab from its establishment in
1952; redesignated the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory in 1971)
- UCSF
- University of California at San Francisco (biomedical research site)
- U.S.C.
- United States Code (compilation of congressionally enacted laws
available in many public and private libraries)
- VA
- Department of Veterans Affairs (successor to 1930-1989 Veterans
Administration)
- WMA
- World Medical Association (professional organization; issued Helsinki
Declaration in 1964)
|